Investment is a term frequently used in the fields of economics, business management and finance. It can mean savings alone, or savings made through delayed consumption. Investment can be divided into different types according to various theories and principles.
When an asset is bought or a given amount of money is invested in the bank, there is anticipation that some return will be received from the investment in the future.
There are a number of definitions of investment. While dealing with the various options of investment, the defining terms of investment need to be kept in mind.
According to economic theories, investment is defined as the per-unit production of goods, which have not been consumed, but will however, be used for the purpose of future production. Examples of this type of investments are tangible goods like construction of a factory or bridge and intangible goods like 6 months of on-the-job training. In terms of national production and income, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has an essential constituent, known as gross investment.
Investment in Terms of Business Management:
According to business management theories, investment refers to tangible assets like machinery and equipments and buildings and intangible assets like copyrights or patents and goodwill. The decision for investment is also known as capital budgeting decision, which is regarded as one of the key decisions.
Investment in Terms of Finance:
In finance, investment refers to the purchasing of securities or other financial assets from the capital market. It also means buying money market or real properties with high market liquidity. Some examples are gold, silver, real properties, and precious items.
Financial investments are in stocks, bonds, and other types of security investments. Indirect financial investments can also be done with the help of mediators or third parties, such as pension funds, mutual funds, commercial banks, and insurance companies.
Personal Finance:
According to personal finance theories, an investment is the implementation of money for buying shares, mutual funds or assets with capital risk.
Real Estate:
According to real estate theories, investment is referred to as money utilized for buying property for the purpose of ownership or leasing. This also involves capital risk.
Commercial Real Estate:
Commercial real estate involves a real estate investment in properties for commercial purposes such as renting.
Residential Real Estate:
This is the most basic type of real estate investment, which involves buying houses as real estate properties.
For further details, please refer to the following links:
Investment
High-Yield Investment Program
Institutional Investment
Meaning investment
Essential of investment
Return on investment
Investment Strategy
Best investment
Foreign Direct Investment
Investment Planning
Foreign Institutional Investment
Investment banks
Investment Company
Property Investment
Online Investment
Investment Management
Investment Brokerage
World Investment
Investment Types
Friday, September 11, 2009
Three Most Important Dates In World Economic Dynamics
If we see the world economic history for the last 100 years, we will come across many important incidents that changed the course of world economy and politics. But we can very easily separate out three dates, which have impacted the course of world economy to the greatest extent.
Just look at the impacts of these three dates:
7th Nov 1917: Lenin has triumphed. Communism has arrived. The 70 yr. old philosophy of a Jewish revolutionary will rule half of the world for next 70 years and will threaten the most powerful and prosperous allied forces of the world. A utopian state is in sight, where nobody will be deprived of anything. No one would be allowed to exploit anyone; no one will loose his job. The state will not allow the greed of the rich to be satisfied by the flesh of the poor.
The Russian revolution changed the way economic values were seen in the intellectual world. Those who believed that Marx's philosophy cannot succeed in actual world were stunned by the massive industrialization of the Soviet State. The world powers were so threatened by once starved Russia, that they started appeasing Hitler, because communism was supposed to be the larger evil than Nazism. For the next 70 yrs USSR dominated the world both economically and militarily.
World was at the cross roads after World War-1. Europe was devastated. Germans were in hyperinflation and one piece of bread used to cost 24,000,000,000,000 Reichsmarks. Britian was no longer the undisputed leader of the world and it was sharing the status with USA. French were feeling lucky, because they survived the war and got some more lands in Africa and Far East. The Muslim world was outraged by the fall of Caliphate in Turkey.
The Chinese and Indians..... Who Cares?
And the future superpowers were developing fast, very fast. Russians were setting up more and more industrial complexes, building more and more arms and ammunitions, and Americans.....
They were drinking Coke, smoking "Camel" and.......buying STOCKS, more and more Stocks. The bubble was getting bigger and bigger.
Finally the day came.....
29th Oct 1929: The original Black Tuesday changed everything. What started with this day would ultimately engulf the whole world and pave way for the rise of "The Most Barbaric War", the world has ever seen in Modern History.
It took three years for the recession to become depression. The government didn't intervene and didn't want to intervene, since it was a free market. Interfering with market forces was supposed to be a communist theory which was Haram in capitalist world. What started in USA, spread to Europe soon and the whole world economy was heading for a doom.
This was the time when Soviet Russia, began to be perceived as the ideal economic model, a state which controlled the "Commanding Heights" of the economy. A state where people were not prone to the devastating recession and depression caused by the greed of 20 something Harvard MBAs.
The great depression paved way for Hitler and Mussolini. People, suffering from deep economic slowdown, supported these charismatic leaders. This was the time of aggressive nationalism. The third reich was in sight, which would include the Urals too. Germans had not seen anybody so charismatic since Bismark. Finally Germany had produced its own Nepolean. Whole Germany was swept by the popularity of "Herr Hitler", doesn't matter even if he vowed for "The Final Solution" for the minorities of his own country.
Soviets were flexing their muscles under the leadership of another legendry leader named Joseph Stalin. Britan was fighting with the uprising of people in its colonies. The sun of the empire was finally setting. French people were not ready to accept their status of the second rate power within their own continent. Overall, Europe was moving towards that one final war, which would change the world forever.
Americans were licking their wounds, since their economic model failed miserably. Millions of Americans were starving, whereas traders were burning the stocks of wheat, just to keep the prices stable. Almost one third of the American banks closed down. Millions of Americans lost everything. So much so, for the "land of opportunities".
As they say, radical times need radical decisions. Troubled times need some leader to navigate the country through troubled waters. USA chose Franklin Roosevelt in 1933. First thing he did was to declare a bank holiday for 4 days, just to cool the system. Later "New Deal" was announced and USA started shifting towards socialism. Uncle Sam started building roads, bridges, freeways and what not. Govt started spending and providing job opportunities to the people. No one could even think of such acts in a capitalist economy till 4 years back. Surprisingly, the stimulus started to work, and people thought that the days of capitalism were over. "The color of the Cat is immaterial, as long as she can catch rats." If socialism can uplift people out of poverty, so be it. The laboratory of capitalism had turned its back on free market.
Karl Marx had defeated Adam Smith. Keynes was beatified and Hayak has become a pariah.
The cold war was on for political reasons. Economically, it was accepted all over the world that socialism was the only way to go and states only should control the "Commanding Heights" of the economy.
The system worked well for 50 years. Then it started to show the strain. As the new generation took over, people started becoming more and more inefficient. They were no longer moved by the same emotion of war and depression. The official policy of governments to "Incentivize the Inefficiency" gave rise to a new phenomenon, named as "Stagflation."
Stagnation and inflation cannot prevail together. This was suggested by Keynes and believed by everybody. The point was missed that human being are not machines, which can be assumed to work on a particular efficiency level every time, without any fear or drive. People work under two circumstances, either you give him some incentive or you put a gun on his head. Stalin believed in later and USSR became superpower.
As the communist government became little more tolerant and people achieved a little freedom, questions were being raised about the economic model. Why the worker in Russia cannot afford a lifestyle of an US worker? Why should the government waste its time fixing the taxi fare in Moscow rather than sending some more Sputniks in space? Why should I work if no one can fire me and no one can hold back my salary? Why should a company produce if the prices are artificially fixed?
Slowly and steadily, people started realizing that there is something wrong with the model being followed. It started to change with Ronald Regan, Margaret Thatcher and Mikhail Gorbachev. "Road to Serfdom" was back in the libraries. Hayek was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1974.
One by one almost whole world adopted the free market theory of economics. Some countries adopted it smoothly, over a period of time like China, whereas others opted for "Shock Therapy" and paid a very heavy price for the same. The laboratory of communism- Russia adopted the change and fell into anarchy. The "Oligarchs" have replaced "Communists" as the new exploiters of the people.
Once again the world was changing its economic beliefs. "Free markets" was the buzzword. The statues of Lenin were removed from the streets in Russia. Stalingrad again became St. Petersburg.
This transformation created a new breed of entrepreneurs in the East Subcontinent, India. A country, where it used to take at least 3 years to get a telephone connection suddenly became the second fastest growing telecom market in the world. The Indian software professionals were employed, envied and poached all over the world. Suddenly the world started taking Bollywood seriously. Then people realized that almost 30 % of NASA scientists were Indians, never knew of such fact. Suddenly people started saying that IIT is equivalent to Harvard+ Stanford+ MIT. So much so for a "Third World Country" of snake charmers.
The system was working well. Now, nobody had an iota of doubt that "Free Market" is the way except Hugo Chavez and Fiedel Castro.
Then came 2008.
Although the effects of the excess Greed started getting felt in 2007 only, it was not until September 2008, when the world would see the pillars of capitalism crumbling one by one within such a short period of time.
One by one, the wizards of Wall Street, the dream of any MBA, the powerhouse of US economy, the flag bearer of capitalism lined up in front of White House with a begging bowl for "Bail Out".
Initially it looked like some investment getting bad and financial institutions are in need of loan from the government. "Dubyaman" responded, either by providing loans or by instructing some other institutions to provide line of credit. After all, credit and loan is the part and parcel of the business.
Then came 15th September 2008.
The oldest i-bank filed for bankruptcy. The largest insurance company in the world was about to fall within two days.
And the world changed forever.
When I opened the newspaper on 16th Sep 2008, it was nothing less than a nuclear war. Lehaman Brothers has filed for bankruptcy; AIG might follow in two days. Needless to say, everybody lost heavily in stock market. Gold shot up, Oil tumbled and only one view was on air- "The Great Depression".
AIG was bailed out by "The White House". Within next few weeks, US will unveil a financial bailout package of 700 bn $. The amount is bigger than the GDP of Pakistan and Bangladesh combined. These two countries have the combined population of more than 300 million.
AIG was bailed out. The better word would be "Nationalized". In old days of cold war, countries used to nationalize profit making private sector companies, so that the profit would be distributed and used for the benefit of the society. Now the largest insurance company of the largest country in the world is being nationalized not for the same reason, but because the company was about to default. AIG defaulting on its payments would mean the end of American Dream. The financial system would collapse. Millions of Americans would loose billions of dollars invested in insurance policies. Hence AIG is "Too Big to Fail".
But how big is too big? Wasn't Lehman too big? What about LTCM? What about Pan Am? Why should the govt pick and choose where to throw the exchequers' money to bail out private enterprises? These companies took risks and the gamble didn't pay off. They made good amount of money in last 4 years, riding on the boom cycle of market. The million dollar bonus for their 20 something traders came from where? The corporate jets, the yatch were financed by the same housing boom. They didn't bother to care about stricter corporate governance and better financial reporting in those times. Now, when they are doomed, they are asking for a bail out from the same Fed, whom they always accused of tight regulations and curtailing the free markets.
Will this led to evolution of another round of socialist economic model as we saw last time late 40s? Is this the end of capitalism? Has Uncle Sam failed? Is Marx smiling in heaven?
The answer to all these questions are "It Depends...."
As it is said "Human beings are intelligent enough in finding patterns with random numbers and risking everything on such deceptive patters".
Just look at the impacts of these three dates:
7th Nov 1917: Lenin has triumphed. Communism has arrived. The 70 yr. old philosophy of a Jewish revolutionary will rule half of the world for next 70 years and will threaten the most powerful and prosperous allied forces of the world. A utopian state is in sight, where nobody will be deprived of anything. No one would be allowed to exploit anyone; no one will loose his job. The state will not allow the greed of the rich to be satisfied by the flesh of the poor.
The Russian revolution changed the way economic values were seen in the intellectual world. Those who believed that Marx's philosophy cannot succeed in actual world were stunned by the massive industrialization of the Soviet State. The world powers were so threatened by once starved Russia, that they started appeasing Hitler, because communism was supposed to be the larger evil than Nazism. For the next 70 yrs USSR dominated the world both economically and militarily.
World was at the cross roads after World War-1. Europe was devastated. Germans were in hyperinflation and one piece of bread used to cost 24,000,000,000,000 Reichsmarks. Britian was no longer the undisputed leader of the world and it was sharing the status with USA. French were feeling lucky, because they survived the war and got some more lands in Africa and Far East. The Muslim world was outraged by the fall of Caliphate in Turkey.
The Chinese and Indians..... Who Cares?
And the future superpowers were developing fast, very fast. Russians were setting up more and more industrial complexes, building more and more arms and ammunitions, and Americans.....
They were drinking Coke, smoking "Camel" and.......buying STOCKS, more and more Stocks. The bubble was getting bigger and bigger.
Finally the day came.....
29th Oct 1929: The original Black Tuesday changed everything. What started with this day would ultimately engulf the whole world and pave way for the rise of "The Most Barbaric War", the world has ever seen in Modern History.
It took three years for the recession to become depression. The government didn't intervene and didn't want to intervene, since it was a free market. Interfering with market forces was supposed to be a communist theory which was Haram in capitalist world. What started in USA, spread to Europe soon and the whole world economy was heading for a doom.
This was the time when Soviet Russia, began to be perceived as the ideal economic model, a state which controlled the "Commanding Heights" of the economy. A state where people were not prone to the devastating recession and depression caused by the greed of 20 something Harvard MBAs.
The great depression paved way for Hitler and Mussolini. People, suffering from deep economic slowdown, supported these charismatic leaders. This was the time of aggressive nationalism. The third reich was in sight, which would include the Urals too. Germans had not seen anybody so charismatic since Bismark. Finally Germany had produced its own Nepolean. Whole Germany was swept by the popularity of "Herr Hitler", doesn't matter even if he vowed for "The Final Solution" for the minorities of his own country.
Soviets were flexing their muscles under the leadership of another legendry leader named Joseph Stalin. Britan was fighting with the uprising of people in its colonies. The sun of the empire was finally setting. French people were not ready to accept their status of the second rate power within their own continent. Overall, Europe was moving towards that one final war, which would change the world forever.
Americans were licking their wounds, since their economic model failed miserably. Millions of Americans were starving, whereas traders were burning the stocks of wheat, just to keep the prices stable. Almost one third of the American banks closed down. Millions of Americans lost everything. So much so, for the "land of opportunities".
As they say, radical times need radical decisions. Troubled times need some leader to navigate the country through troubled waters. USA chose Franklin Roosevelt in 1933. First thing he did was to declare a bank holiday for 4 days, just to cool the system. Later "New Deal" was announced and USA started shifting towards socialism. Uncle Sam started building roads, bridges, freeways and what not. Govt started spending and providing job opportunities to the people. No one could even think of such acts in a capitalist economy till 4 years back. Surprisingly, the stimulus started to work, and people thought that the days of capitalism were over. "The color of the Cat is immaterial, as long as she can catch rats." If socialism can uplift people out of poverty, so be it. The laboratory of capitalism had turned its back on free market.
Karl Marx had defeated Adam Smith. Keynes was beatified and Hayak has become a pariah.
The cold war was on for political reasons. Economically, it was accepted all over the world that socialism was the only way to go and states only should control the "Commanding Heights" of the economy.
The system worked well for 50 years. Then it started to show the strain. As the new generation took over, people started becoming more and more inefficient. They were no longer moved by the same emotion of war and depression. The official policy of governments to "Incentivize the Inefficiency" gave rise to a new phenomenon, named as "Stagflation."
Stagnation and inflation cannot prevail together. This was suggested by Keynes and believed by everybody. The point was missed that human being are not machines, which can be assumed to work on a particular efficiency level every time, without any fear or drive. People work under two circumstances, either you give him some incentive or you put a gun on his head. Stalin believed in later and USSR became superpower.
As the communist government became little more tolerant and people achieved a little freedom, questions were being raised about the economic model. Why the worker in Russia cannot afford a lifestyle of an US worker? Why should the government waste its time fixing the taxi fare in Moscow rather than sending some more Sputniks in space? Why should I work if no one can fire me and no one can hold back my salary? Why should a company produce if the prices are artificially fixed?
Slowly and steadily, people started realizing that there is something wrong with the model being followed. It started to change with Ronald Regan, Margaret Thatcher and Mikhail Gorbachev. "Road to Serfdom" was back in the libraries. Hayek was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1974.
One by one almost whole world adopted the free market theory of economics. Some countries adopted it smoothly, over a period of time like China, whereas others opted for "Shock Therapy" and paid a very heavy price for the same. The laboratory of communism- Russia adopted the change and fell into anarchy. The "Oligarchs" have replaced "Communists" as the new exploiters of the people.
Once again the world was changing its economic beliefs. "Free markets" was the buzzword. The statues of Lenin were removed from the streets in Russia. Stalingrad again became St. Petersburg.
This transformation created a new breed of entrepreneurs in the East Subcontinent, India. A country, where it used to take at least 3 years to get a telephone connection suddenly became the second fastest growing telecom market in the world. The Indian software professionals were employed, envied and poached all over the world. Suddenly the world started taking Bollywood seriously. Then people realized that almost 30 % of NASA scientists were Indians, never knew of such fact. Suddenly people started saying that IIT is equivalent to Harvard+ Stanford+ MIT. So much so for a "Third World Country" of snake charmers.
The system was working well. Now, nobody had an iota of doubt that "Free Market" is the way except Hugo Chavez and Fiedel Castro.
Then came 2008.
Although the effects of the excess Greed started getting felt in 2007 only, it was not until September 2008, when the world would see the pillars of capitalism crumbling one by one within such a short period of time.
One by one, the wizards of Wall Street, the dream of any MBA, the powerhouse of US economy, the flag bearer of capitalism lined up in front of White House with a begging bowl for "Bail Out".
Initially it looked like some investment getting bad and financial institutions are in need of loan from the government. "Dubyaman" responded, either by providing loans or by instructing some other institutions to provide line of credit. After all, credit and loan is the part and parcel of the business.
Then came 15th September 2008.
The oldest i-bank filed for bankruptcy. The largest insurance company in the world was about to fall within two days.
And the world changed forever.
When I opened the newspaper on 16th Sep 2008, it was nothing less than a nuclear war. Lehaman Brothers has filed for bankruptcy; AIG might follow in two days. Needless to say, everybody lost heavily in stock market. Gold shot up, Oil tumbled and only one view was on air- "The Great Depression".
AIG was bailed out by "The White House". Within next few weeks, US will unveil a financial bailout package of 700 bn $. The amount is bigger than the GDP of Pakistan and Bangladesh combined. These two countries have the combined population of more than 300 million.
AIG was bailed out. The better word would be "Nationalized". In old days of cold war, countries used to nationalize profit making private sector companies, so that the profit would be distributed and used for the benefit of the society. Now the largest insurance company of the largest country in the world is being nationalized not for the same reason, but because the company was about to default. AIG defaulting on its payments would mean the end of American Dream. The financial system would collapse. Millions of Americans would loose billions of dollars invested in insurance policies. Hence AIG is "Too Big to Fail".
But how big is too big? Wasn't Lehman too big? What about LTCM? What about Pan Am? Why should the govt pick and choose where to throw the exchequers' money to bail out private enterprises? These companies took risks and the gamble didn't pay off. They made good amount of money in last 4 years, riding on the boom cycle of market. The million dollar bonus for their 20 something traders came from where? The corporate jets, the yatch were financed by the same housing boom. They didn't bother to care about stricter corporate governance and better financial reporting in those times. Now, when they are doomed, they are asking for a bail out from the same Fed, whom they always accused of tight regulations and curtailing the free markets.
Will this led to evolution of another round of socialist economic model as we saw last time late 40s? Is this the end of capitalism? Has Uncle Sam failed? Is Marx smiling in heaven?
The answer to all these questions are "It Depends...."
As it is said "Human beings are intelligent enough in finding patterns with random numbers and risking everything on such deceptive patters".
Friday, June 19, 2009
Afghanistan in the Risk of choice
LETS SAFE AFGHANISTAN
As we grasp economic is the science of choice, choose, in alternatives.
After three decade war in this region its raising for trending of welfare
In every resource, but what to option is difficult job for Afghanistan
Due to alter problems in the area, every thing is destroyed in this country
Hence, the government must take place every strategy and policy with plenty
Understandings and more prosperity taxing job.
We are glancing the economic vibe of Afghanistan, upon essential and significant
Of economic resources and however societies welfare woo related and dependent
To basement such as economic development.
As we know the law of demand, we demand upon the need what we need to buy
We are buying so the afghan government can collect Afghanistan needs
Like first aid essential for a patient, then in presence of all needs we
Can choose the huge and plenty need of afghan society.
Because of scare resources we used to get more utility that we can if
Struggle and think for a while for our society, in this contemporary
Era of technology and progress every thing can be possible, but what is
Important a little good management and knowledge for it.
Why i tagged the above header may right and may wrong, why difficult is
Because what to choose is difficult, and why easy what to choose is easy
Now how to choose it just they can go for law of demand.
But law of demand needs some fingertips from policy maker, like right information
it can be solved by accurate statistical organization while unfortunately Afghanistan
is luck of that, they are having but its only office not work.
History of area is also reasonable for policy making, educated expert
Staff in filed and availability of new technology is also necessary.
Recently media is talking about new agreement of a mine natural resource
From mine office, they are discussing about whom to sign the agreement with.
The afghan government must involve the future of Afghanistan mine and its
Resources and make a poity decision hence its related to afghan society
Live and future,
I don’t know what are the criteria for this agreement but, such things must involve.
1. A standard deposit of asset for afghan government.
2. S specific year agreement.
3. Globally standard production process of mine.
4. A standard industry of production with wholly facility, equipment.
5. Afghan stuff training, and involvement.
6. A periodic search of local government from mine.
7. Involvement of great decision about the mine with local government.
8. Reconstruction of the surrounding area by the company.
9. The company should involve only in mine, not in other cases like
Political and local government cases. a good example is like the company of
EASTERN INDIAN Company by British.
10. Afghan government must involve about the quanity, quality of production.
11.a media resources such as web page, magazine, newspaper or etc must be
12. Employment of afghan labor exists.
The above aspects may be less inform for the big company investment
I know the afghan government should trace facility for Foregn Company
And encourage them for investment in Afghanistan but mine is the fundamental
Formation and institution of a nation, critics and criteria must be
Involve for such resources, as we seen mine supply of mine is less than demand and mine
Is scarce and globally more in need, 14 company for afghan mine is a
Good example of that hence we have to be more wisdom and clear on that.
Cause an idea can change your life. Let’s change Afghanistan like rocking wall economic
Country against crisis and save our country.
Pre: by KHAN ALAMYAR 20 June 2009, spring Kabul
Friday, May 22, 2009
SOME THOUGHTS MAY CHANGE YOUR LIFE
NEVER TELL A YOUNG PERSON THAT SOME THING CANNOT BE DONE, GOD MAY HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR CENTURIES FOR SOME BODY IGNORANT ENOUGH OF THE IMPOSSIBLE TO DO THAT THINK.
SAMENESS IS THE MOTHER OF DISGUST , VARIETY THE CURE.
THEY WHO GIVE HAVE THE THINGS; THEY WHO WITHHOLD HAVE NOTING.
THEY FUTURE ALWAYS HOLD SOME THING FOR THE MAN WHO KEEPS IN FAITH IN IT.
WE LIVE IN THE PRESENT, WE DREAM OF THE FUTURE, AND WE LEARN ETERNAL TRUTHS FROM THE PAST.
IF YOU ARE CONTENT, YOU HAVE ENOUGH TO LIVE COMFORTABLY.
THE SMALLEST GOOD DEED IS BETTER THAN THE GRANDEST GOOD INTENTION.
NO MAN REALLY BECOME FOOL UNTIL HE STOPS ASKING QUESTION.
HOW TO FORGIVE IS SOMETHING WE HAVE TO LEARN, NOT AS A DUTY OR AN OBLIGATION BUT AS A N EXPERIENCE AKIN TO THE EXPERIENCE OF LOVE, IT MUST COME INTO BEING SPONTANEOUSLY.
EXPERIENCE SHOWS THAT SUCCESS IS DUE LESS TO ABILITY THEN TO ZEAL. THE WINNER IS HE WHO GIVES HIMSELF TO HIS WORK, BODY AND SOUL.
WILL IS CHARACTER IN ACTION.
TALK HAPPINESS. THE WORLD IS SAD ENOUGH WITHOUT YOUR WOE.
A LAUGH IS WORTH A HUNDRED GROANS IN ANY MARKET.
BEATEN PATHS ARE FOR BEATEN MEN.
ON THE CLARITY OF YOUR IDEAS DEPENDS THE SCOPE OF YOUR SUCCESS IN ANY ENDEAVOUR.
PERHAPS THE MOST VALUABLE RESULT OF ALL EDUCATION IS THE ABILITY TO MAKE YOURSELF DO THE THING YOU HAVE TO DO WHEN IT HAS TO BE DONE, WHETHER YOU LIKE IT OR NOT.
Thursday, April 16, 2009
What factors should take place to achieve Afghanistan Growth?
Growth is of the important impose which presenting change in society and their lives, economic growth is the ranked important of it, while this chapter needs some factors of society to be knew,, fingertips to society and theory about them regarding of its vibe condition each society is differ, if a country study these factors on the top of its accomplishing its certainly enable opportunity for the growth.
What is growth?
Economic growth is a goal or aspires for the success of a country, the low economic country struggling to increase capacity of its labor, and natural resources.
Owing strong expert labors co with natural resources institute of developed transportation system, developed custom house, wide infrastructure, health equipment and update education curriculum is the ambition of every growth country.
Proceeding toward the growth path mean defeat poverty, unemployment by development of technology, in the currently policy making IT is on the first content for achievement.
The fact about growth is the critic and limitation of its achievement while we are looking today’s economic growth which the world is affected and the unable of economist is the second problem however the crisis percentage is increasing.
By khan alamyar
What is growth?
Economic growth is a goal or aspires for the success of a country, the low economic country struggling to increase capacity of its labor, and natural resources.
Owing strong expert labors co with natural resources institute of developed transportation system, developed custom house, wide infrastructure, health equipment and update education curriculum is the ambition of every growth country.
Proceeding toward the growth path mean defeat poverty, unemployment by development of technology, in the currently policy making IT is on the first content for achievement.
The fact about growth is the critic and limitation of its achievement while we are looking today’s economic growth which the world is affected and the unable of economist is the second problem however the crisis percentage is increasing.
By khan alamyar
Thursday, April 9, 2009
A SLUMP IN THE ECONOMY
The word Economy:
Its taking from Latin word which make the sense management of household
the household are both consumer and factors of production, its tied up with both side, economy means to used the scarce resources, making saving, by give up smoking, it could come in time of res session, the word scarcity is the body structure of economic, thus today the world is come to crisis for this scarcity like OPEC, and ranked on ,, the household are cutting their food when coming slow down the economy ,,,
when res session is coming to event means people are losing their jobs, because of cutting down in the economic graph of firms and industry's , households are encountering to decrease in per ca pita income they are starting for a change in life.
the banks, factory, industry,s merchandise, insurance,co, and aggregate is coming under this impact, while the central government is struggling for removing the crisis vibe,,
Its taking from Latin word which make the sense management of household
the household are both consumer and factors of production, its tied up with both side, economy means to used the scarce resources, making saving, by give up smoking, it could come in time of res session, the word scarcity is the body structure of economic, thus today the world is come to crisis for this scarcity like OPEC, and ranked on ,, the household are cutting their food when coming slow down the economy ,,,
when res session is coming to event means people are losing their jobs, because of cutting down in the economic graph of firms and industry's , households are encountering to decrease in per ca pita income they are starting for a change in life.
the banks, factory, industry,s merchandise, insurance,co, and aggregate is coming under this impact, while the central government is struggling for removing the crisis vibe,,
Wednesday, April 8, 2009
afghanistan economic records
Labor
In 1993 the total labor force was estimated to be about 6.6 million. As recently as 1985, about 60 percent of the working population was engaged in agriculture or animal husbandry, though this percentage may be higher today with the loss of other kinds of employment because of war. Widespread unemployment and a lack of skilled workers and administrators are among the most pressing labor problems.
Agriculture
Only a very small share of Afghanistan's land (about 15 percent), mostly in scattered valleys, is suitable for farming; about 6 percent of the land is actually cultivated. At least two-thirds of this farmland requires irrigation. Water is drawn from springs and rivers and is distributed through surface ditches and through underground channels, or tunnels, which are excavated and maintained by a series of vertical shafts. Such a tunnel is known as a karez or qanat. In 1987 about 26,600 sq km (10,300 sq mi) of farmland were irrigated.
In 1993 the total labor force was estimated to be about 6.6 million. As recently as 1985, about 60 percent of the working population was engaged in agriculture or animal husbandry, though this percentage may be higher today with the loss of other kinds of employment because of war. Widespread unemployment and a lack of skilled workers and administrators are among the most pressing labor problems.
Agriculture
Only a very small share of Afghanistan's land (about 15 percent), mostly in scattered valleys, is suitable for farming; about 6 percent of the land is actually cultivated. At least two-thirds of this farmland requires irrigation. Water is drawn from springs and rivers and is distributed through surface ditches and through underground channels, or tunnels, which are excavated and maintained by a series of vertical shafts. Such a tunnel is known as a karez or qanat. In 1987 about 26,600 sq km (10,300 sq mi) of farmland were irrigated.
Wheat is the most important crop, followed by barley, corn, and rice. Cotton is another important and widely cultivated crop. Fruit and nuts are among Afghanistan's most important exports. Afghanistan is noted for its unusually sweet grapes and melons, grown mostly in the southwest, north of the Hindu Kush, and in the fertile regions around Herat. Raisins are also an important export. Other important fruits are apricots, cherries, figs, mulberries, and pomegranates.
Livestock is nearly as important as crops to Afghanistan's economy. Karakul sheep are raised in large numbers in the north. The tight curly fleece of Karakul lambs is used to make Persian lamb coats. Other breeds of sheep, such as the fat-tailed sheep, and goats are also raised.
Afghanistan is a major supplier in the international drug trade. It is the second-largest opium producer after Myanmar (formerly known as Burma), with 950 metric tons produced in 1994. Afghanistan also produces significant quantities of hashish.
Handicrafts
Distinctive Afghan Rugs are made by Turkmen and some Uzbeks; characteristically these have parallel rows of geometric figures on a dark red ground, although many other patterns also exist. The Baluchi, well-known producers of prayer rugs, also make carpets mainly of wool, using a blend of dark colors. Camel hair and cotton are also used in some of these carpets. A variety of beautiful embroideries are also made for bridal trousseaus (the cloth in which the bride wraps her clothes and other personal possessions) and for sale.
Mining
Large natural gas deposits in northern Afghanistan were exploited jointly with the USSR starting in 1967. In the 1980s large quantities of natural gas were exported to the USSR, but that was terminated after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989. Oil has been found to the north of the Hindu Kush in large reserves but it is unexploited, primarily because of war. Afghanistan is the world's only source of high-grade lapis lazuli and has major copper and iron deposits. However, most resources have not been exploited.
Manufacturing
Industrial development increased substantially after World War II (1939-1945). With the opening in 1965 of a large West German-built wool mill, woolen-textile production more than doubled. Among the other factories located primarily in Kabul are plants manufacturing textiles (the most important manufactured export product) and footwear; government-operated cement plants; a fruit-processing plant; a plant making coal briquettes; and several cotton gins. As with other aspects of the economy, the war has been a major obstacle to industrial expansion.
Energy
Almost half of the energy used in Afghanistan comes from firewood. Most of the rest comes from gas, oil, and hydroelectricity. There are dams and hydroelectric stations on the Kondoz, Kabul, Arghandab, and Helmand rivers. The dams also store water for irrigation
Foreign Trade
Afghanistan's chief exports are natural gas and dried fruit. Other exports include carpets, fresh fruit, wool, and cotton. Afghanistan imports food, motor vehicles, petroleum products, and textiles. Most of the foreign trade of Afghanistan is controlled by the government or by government-controlled monopolies. The USSR was Afghanistan's chief trading partner even before the 1979 Soviet invasion, and this relationship intensified in the 1980s. The leading purchasers of Afghan products, in addition to the USSR and the former Soviet republics, have been Pakistan, Great Britain, Germany, and India. In 1991 exports amounted to about $188.2 million, while imports cost $616.4 million
Currency and Banking
The unit of currency in Afghanistan is the afghani, which is divided into 100 puls. Since 1981 the official rate of exchange has been fixed at 50 afghanis equal U.S.$1. However, the actual market rate of the afghani has fluctuated, and in 1994 2400 afghanis equaled U.S.$1. Dramatic inflation (with rates of up to 57 percent), which has been taking place in Afghanistan since the Soviet invasion, contributed to the drastic decrease in the purchasing power of the afghani from 1981 to 1994.
Afghanistan's central bank was founded in 1938 and is the largest bank in Afghanistan. The central bank issues all notes, executes government loans, and lends money to cities and to other banks. All private banks in Afghanistan were nationalized in 1975, mostly because a lack of clear terms for borrowers and lenders had made it difficult for people to use the country's credit resources. No stock market or other modern form of economic development exists in Afghanistan. Instead, archaic "money bazaars" exist to provide money-lending and foreign exchange dealings.
On Monday Oct 7, 2002 Afghanistans interim government marked the first anniversary of U.S. air strikes that brought it to power by issuing new banknotes, aimed at reasserting central control over a war-ravaged economy.
Transportation
Travel within Afghanistan is severely limited by the rugged terrain. The country has less than 25 km (less than 16 mi) of railroad track, all of which is for shipping goods to and from Afghanistan and Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Petroleum products are piped in from Uzbekistan to Bagram and from Turkmenistan to Shindand. Natural gas used to be piped into the part of the USSR that is now Uzbekistan through a 180-km (110-mi) pipeline, but was terminated immediately after the war. Except for the Amu Darya, which has 1200 km (750 mi) of navigable waters and handles vessels up to about 500 metric tons, the country's narrow, fast-flowing rivers are nearly all unnavigable and are used chiefly for the transportation of free-floating timber. Ports on the Amu Darya include Keleft, Kheyrabad, and Shir Khan. There are about 21,000 km (about 13,000 mi) of highways, about 13 percent are paved, 8 percent are gravel, and 79 percent are dirt.
Public transportation in Afghanistan is generally by bus and truck in which loads of people, animals, and produce are packed into small spaces or on the roof. In general women ride in the front, separated from men. City dwellers tend to travel by bus and bicycle. In the countryside most Afghans travel by foot, donkey, horseback, and occasionally by camel.
Kabul and Kandahar have international airports. There are 48 airports in the country, about half of which have paved runways. The national airline is Ariana Afghan Airlines; Bakhtar Afghan Airlines also provides some domestic service, but it is nearly defunct because of the war.
Camels and other pack animals are used for conveying goods. Afghanistan depends on neighboring countries for the shipment of goods to and from its borders. Hostilities between Pakistan and Afghanistan have often led to the closing of that border.
Communications
Telephone and telegraph networks link the major towns. In the early 1990s about 31,200 telephones were in use but there was only one public telephone in Kabul. One international telephone link is maintained through Iran. The government provides radio broadcasts in Pashto, Dari, and ten other languages on a handful of AM and shortwave radio-broadcast stations. Many Afghans own transistor radios, and loudspeaker systems in some villages carry the broadcasts to larger audiences. The first Afghan television station, built with Japanese aid, went on the air in Kabul in 1978. In the mid-1990s several television stations were run by factions and local councils, providing only intermittent service.
The history of newspapers, magazines, and other publications in Afghanistan has varied, depending upon the level of censorship in the ruling government. The first printed newspaper was distributed in 1875, and two other small newspapers were printed just after 1900. With the beginning of the reign of King Amanullah in 1919, the press flourished with the publication of more than 15 newspapers and magazines. By the 1950s, 95 percent of the nation's printed materials came from the government. The small remainder was produced by provincial hand-operated presses. In 1962 the Kabul Times appeared as the first English-language paper. Bakhtar News Agency subscribed to a variety of international press services and its news bulletin was available as well. Following the 1978 coup the Kabul Times was renamed the Kabul New Times and began publishing Communist rhetoric that was reminiscent of the worst days of the Cold War. The newspaper was highly confrontative and hostile to the West. In reaction to the suppression of the free press, antiregime shabnamah (night letters) were secretly printed (primarily in Kabul) with uncensored news and opinions. In the early 1990s Afghanistan had more than 10 newspapers, but by the mid-1990s this number had dropped off as the suppression of Afghanistan's media increased.
Friday, April 3, 2009
HANS'S HORSE SENSE
how to make them say you have got horse sense'
A horse a very clever horse named Hans, inspires this next technique. Hans was owned by Herr Von Osten, a berliner who had trained has to do simple arithmetic by tapping his right front hoof, so prodigious was hans abilityt that the hours's fame quickly spread throughout Europe In the early 1900 he became known as clever hans , the counting hourse.
herr von osten taught hans to do more than just add. soon the hore could subract and divide. in time , clever hans evern astered the multiplication tables, the horse became quite a phonomenon, without his owner uttering a single word , hans could count out the size of his audience , tap the number wearing glasses or respond to any counting quesiton they asked him.
finally hans achieved the ultimate ability that separates man from animal- language hans learned the alphabet by trapping out hoof beats for letter, he answered any question about any thing humans had read in newspaper or heard on the radio, he could even answer common questions about history geography, and human biology,hans made headlines and was the main topic of discuession at dinner parties throughout Eroupe . the human horse quickly attracted the attention of scientistics , psycchology professors, veterinarians, even cavlry officers, naturally they were sceptical , so they established an officail commission to decide whether the horse was a case of clever trickery or equuine genius, whatever their suspicions, it was obvious to all , hans was a very smart horse, compared to other hourse, hans was some body.
cut to ready , why is it when you talk with certain individuals you just know thery are sarter thatn other people that they are a some body? ofter n they are not discuessing highfalutin subjects or using long words., nevertheless, veryboyd knows. pople say she is smart as whip he doesnt miss a trick she picks up on everything he is got the right stuff she is got horse sence , which brings us bakc to Hans, the day of the big test arrived, europe was convinced it must be a trick orchestrated by Herr Von Osten hans owner, there was standing room only in the auditorium filled with scientists reporters n clairvoyants , psychics and hors lovers, who eagerly awaited the answer, the canny commission member were confidents this was a day they would expose hans as chicanery because they too had a trick up their sleeves they were going to bar von osten from the hall and put his horse to the rest all alone, when the crowd was assembled they todl von osten he must leave the auditorium the surprised owner departed and hans was standed in an auditourium with suspicious and anxious audience. the confidents commissions leader asked hans the first mathematical question he tapped out the right answer, a second he got it and then a third then the lanugae questions followed he got them all right,
the commission was befuddled the critics were silenced however the public wasnt with a great outcy they insisted on a new commission the world waited while once again the authorities gathererd from around the world
only after this second commission put hans to the test did the truth about the clever horse come out, comission number two tarted the enquiry perfunctorily with a simple addtion problem the aim however instead of asking the question out loud for all to hear one researcher whispered a number in hans ear a second researchre whispered another, every one expected hans to quickly tap out the sum but hans reamained dumb aha, that researcher revealed the truth to the waiting world can you guess what that was? here a hind when the audience or researcher knew the answer hand did too now can you guess
poeple gave off very sutle boudy language signals the moment hans hoof gave the right number of taps when hans started tapping the answer to a question the audience would show subtil signs of tension then when hans reached the right number they responded by an explusion of breath or slight relaxation of muscles von osten had trained hans to stop tapping at that point and therfore appear to give the right answer
hans was using the technique i call HANS HORS SENCE he watched his audiences reactions very carefully and planned his responces accordingly
HANS HORSE SENSE
Make it a habit to get on a dual track while talking. express yourself but keep a keen eye on how your listener is reacting to what you are saying then plan your moves accordingly
if a horse can do it so can a human ,people will say you pick up on everything you never miss a trick you have got hourse sense
A horse a very clever horse named Hans, inspires this next technique. Hans was owned by Herr Von Osten, a berliner who had trained has to do simple arithmetic by tapping his right front hoof, so prodigious was hans abilityt that the hours's fame quickly spread throughout Europe In the early 1900 he became known as clever hans , the counting hourse.
herr von osten taught hans to do more than just add. soon the hore could subract and divide. in time , clever hans evern astered the multiplication tables, the horse became quite a phonomenon, without his owner uttering a single word , hans could count out the size of his audience , tap the number wearing glasses or respond to any counting quesiton they asked him.
finally hans achieved the ultimate ability that separates man from animal- language hans learned the alphabet by trapping out hoof beats for letter, he answered any question about any thing humans had read in newspaper or heard on the radio, he could even answer common questions about history geography, and human biology,hans made headlines and was the main topic of discuession at dinner parties throughout Eroupe . the human horse quickly attracted the attention of scientistics , psycchology professors, veterinarians, even cavlry officers, naturally they were sceptical , so they established an officail commission to decide whether the horse was a case of clever trickery or equuine genius, whatever their suspicions, it was obvious to all , hans was a very smart horse, compared to other hourse, hans was some body.
cut to ready , why is it when you talk with certain individuals you just know thery are sarter thatn other people that they are a some body? ofter n they are not discuessing highfalutin subjects or using long words., nevertheless, veryboyd knows. pople say she is smart as whip he doesnt miss a trick she picks up on everything he is got the right stuff she is got horse sence , which brings us bakc to Hans, the day of the big test arrived, europe was convinced it must be a trick orchestrated by Herr Von Osten hans owner, there was standing room only in the auditorium filled with scientists reporters n clairvoyants , psychics and hors lovers, who eagerly awaited the answer, the canny commission member were confidents this was a day they would expose hans as chicanery because they too had a trick up their sleeves they were going to bar von osten from the hall and put his horse to the rest all alone, when the crowd was assembled they todl von osten he must leave the auditorium the surprised owner departed and hans was standed in an auditourium with suspicious and anxious audience. the confidents commissions leader asked hans the first mathematical question he tapped out the right answer, a second he got it and then a third then the lanugae questions followed he got them all right,
the commission was befuddled the critics were silenced however the public wasnt with a great outcy they insisted on a new commission the world waited while once again the authorities gathererd from around the world
only after this second commission put hans to the test did the truth about the clever horse come out, comission number two tarted the enquiry perfunctorily with a simple addtion problem the aim however instead of asking the question out loud for all to hear one researcher whispered a number in hans ear a second researchre whispered another, every one expected hans to quickly tap out the sum but hans reamained dumb aha, that researcher revealed the truth to the waiting world can you guess what that was? here a hind when the audience or researcher knew the answer hand did too now can you guess
poeple gave off very sutle boudy language signals the moment hans hoof gave the right number of taps when hans started tapping the answer to a question the audience would show subtil signs of tension then when hans reached the right number they responded by an explusion of breath or slight relaxation of muscles von osten had trained hans to stop tapping at that point and therfore appear to give the right answer
hans was using the technique i call HANS HORS SENCE he watched his audiences reactions very carefully and planned his responces accordingly
HANS HORSE SENSE
Make it a habit to get on a dual track while talking. express yourself but keep a keen eye on how your listener is reacting to what you are saying then plan your moves accordingly
if a horse can do it so can a human ,people will say you pick up on everything you never miss a trick you have got hourse sense
Thursday, April 2, 2009
MY COUNTRY, MY LOVE
The thirty years of war era in my country and leaving noting in legacy without destroy, is the situation while not permitting me with stand with world in addition to innovate the technology, its being missing very zilch my self nowadays ,,however i confuses to begin from where and to end in where,, i am esteem confidence with being with my country and aiding with a country which is legless with above poverty and bad vibe ,, i am seeing changes in country but its going to be positive in the future cause we didn't used our new hard worker generation in using country banks, government, universities, security, reconstruction, economic policy, round table discussion, every thing have the solution, the solution can be must come to country and it will be sophisticate and it will bring secure life to every afghan,, i determine the future of afghanistan in the heart of a lot of afghans who are keen to make really help for their country, this country will be beyond any problem for the coming generation i am giving parole to my country that we will fight for the right of every one of you to have compute your self with world and have stable life in future,,i like to share my idea with my friends and those who are interested in changing idea,i was positive about my country from past and now iam having more power to be more confidence. lets take debate with world about to find the way of resolution from CRISIS and globel ecnomic problems and update your self from gobal crisis ....it will continue with new text in the future................
Monday, March 23, 2009
DECEIVE AFGHANSITAN AMBITIONS
LETS DECEIVE AFGHANISTAN AMBITIONS
LETS FIGHT AGAINST THE CURRENT CRISIS AND INFLATION OF AFGHANISTAN
LETS CHANGE THE FAKE TO REALITY... i am always thinking positive about my country economics despite of thousand problems , the current vibe i think its a bad vibe of economics, the afghan people is living under below poverty,, since the corruption is running we are disable to achieve prosperity and economic stability,,, WE NEED TO IMPLEMENT LONG-RUN POLICY.my country is serious patient that need doctors and equipment and medicine to treat us,unfortunately they are luck of afghanistan,, lets make ourselves expert doctor and lets find money to purchase the needs and lets treat our patient to give relief and a new smile..
we can bring peace, development, smile, disinflation, strong economic wall, stock markets, high balance of trade and,satisfactory balance of payment, lets increase agriculture, gaining former and posing them more utilities. how to achieve these easy task, just what target you have in your mind retain it then conduct it . we need to forget the fake and come to reality ,,who we are and what we are doing lets help each other, iam respecting society for enabling love to me now we are not in ERA of sward fight and not existing of AHMAD SHAH DURANI and MUHMOD GHAZNAWI to quankor a beautiful country and implement our leadership and build REDFORT and OLDFARD for our self, ITS EDUCATION POWER need it now , we have to try as much as possilbe to make beautiful our own country and build REDFORT for our self in our own country.
LETS FIGHT AGAINST THE CURRENT CRISIS AND INFLATION OF AFGHANISTAN
LETS CHANGE THE FAKE TO REALITY... i am always thinking positive about my country economics despite of thousand problems , the current vibe i think its a bad vibe of economics, the afghan people is living under below poverty,, since the corruption is running we are disable to achieve prosperity and economic stability,,, WE NEED TO IMPLEMENT LONG-RUN POLICY.my country is serious patient that need doctors and equipment and medicine to treat us,unfortunately they are luck of afghanistan,, lets make ourselves expert doctor and lets find money to purchase the needs and lets treat our patient to give relief and a new smile..
we can bring peace, development, smile, disinflation, strong economic wall, stock markets, high balance of trade and,satisfactory balance of payment, lets increase agriculture, gaining former and posing them more utilities. how to achieve these easy task, just what target you have in your mind retain it then conduct it . we need to forget the fake and come to reality ,,who we are and what we are doing lets help each other, iam respecting society for enabling love to me now we are not in ERA of sward fight and not existing of AHMAD SHAH DURANI and MUHMOD GHAZNAWI to quankor a beautiful country and implement our leadership and build REDFORT and OLDFARD for our self, ITS EDUCATION POWER need it now , we have to try as much as possilbe to make beautiful our own country and build REDFORT for our self in our own country.
Saturday, March 21, 2009
Tuesday, March 17, 2009
Tracing economic policy in DREAM AND ACHIEVE
| Dream and Achieve |  |  |  |
| Monday, 14 April 2008 | |
|
Social entrepreneurs start businesses that are practical, innovative and sustainable. They look to benefit society, especially the marginalized and poor. Rather than sit back and wait, leaving the problems to the government or foreign donors, social entrepreneurs take matters into their own hands because they are determined to change the status-quo and implement their business--despite the risks involved. Social entrepreneurs are leaders and role models. They prove that citizens who channel their passion into action can do almost anything. There is nothing as powerful as a new idea in the hands of someone who can make a good business and improve the lives of others. Please use the next several lines to explain your great business idea. It could be an idea that will expand your current business, or it could be an entirely new business. It should be just one project. Aamyar need your comment on this topic.... |
BANKS IN AFGHANISTAN
- Afghanistan International Bank
- Azizi Bank
- Arian Bank
- Bank-E-Mili Afghan
- Bank Alfalah Ltd
- BRAC Afghanistan Bank
- Development Bank of Afghanistan
- Export Promotion Bank
- Habib Bank of Pakistan
- Kabul Bank
- National Bank of Pakistan
- Pashtany Bank
- Punjab National Bank - India
- Standard Chartered Bank
- The First MicroFinanceBank
Afghan Carpet Business Booming Again
![[Documents menu]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sGt6xdHRErnk-TG_kcHini0HCg2AVB7idKkQspYb3E9ZGlV319ppibjOtJrKPNscl8ZY9tNNf8tKi6XWJxTlcIi_sZgUOteoKLTUvM_32M_Z4EwI9Sk1M=s0-d)
Afghan Carpet Business Booming Again
KANDAHAR, Afghanistan—In a country of crushing poverty, Ghamay Mohammed has sold enough of his intricately woven rugs lately to buy a hulking ruby and turquoise ring, which he proudly displays on his finger.
The carpet business is booming once again in Afghanistan, and Mohammed is one of the many carpet dealers who have returned to take advantage of the foreigners streaming in since the fall of the Taliban.
Since we reopened this shop, we've already sold more than 60 carpets,
says Mohammed, 18, who closed one of his shops on the Pakistani border two months ago to reopen one in Kandahar. That's better than what we did for a year at our shop near Chaman
on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.
After lean years under the Taliban regime, throngs of foreign aid workers, journalists, soldiers and diplomats have flocked to Afghanistan with plenty of cash to spend.
The influx has hiked the demand for carpets, which used to be Afghanistan's third largest export after oil and fruit. Export revenues from the carpet industry were once estimated at more than $250 million, although it is unclear how much the industry is worth today.
Carpet connoisseurs say Afghan carpets are special because of the quality of wool that is used and the tightness of the weave, often achieved with the nimble fingers of child laborers. They also praise the varied designs that reflect the ethnic diversity of the country and the use of vegetable dyes made from walnuts, pomegranates, flowers and onions.
Even in the former Taliban stronghold of the south, considered a backwater to some international aid groups and agencies who have congregated around the capital, Kabul, carpet dealers have returned, sometimes doing business within 24 hours upon arrival.
They get cheaper prices on items brought from Herat, a western city near the Iranian border where many of Afghanistan's finest carpets are either made or imported.
Most dealers know each other but are merciless competitors.
Other shop owners try to cheat their customers,
says Mohammed. But this is a respectable business and we sell the finest carpets. Take a look around and you'll see the difference.
Afghanistan has long been famous for its carpets: colorful loose-weave rugs from the Baluch nomads, silk Uzbek designs, and the popular war carpets emblazoned with tanks and assault rifles inspired by the Soviet invasion of 1979.
And just as the war on terrorism has revived an entrepreneurial spirit in carpet dealers, it has also given artistic inspiration.
This is one of my favorites,
says Aminullah Popal, a 50-year-old carpet dealer holding a small rug showing a plane crashing through New York's World Trade Center towers. That was the economic center of the world. Now people are coming here to Afghanistan.
The twin towers carpet is not being mass produced and was made by a Herat carpet weaver who visited New York after Sept. 11.
It was a tragic event,
says Popal. But just like carpet dealers who used the Soviet invasion in their work, this is also being used.
Popal sold his shop in the Pakistani border city of Quetta two weeks ago and opened the Noor Jahan carpet shop in Kandahar. He used to get about one customer each month.
Now, I get at least ten and if two people buy a nice piece, that pays the rent. There's much better business here now that the Taliban is gone.
The carpets range from $50 to thousands depending on how much bartering the merchant and buyer can stomach. But the high demand in Afghanistan doesn't always bode well for the consumer.
We get a 30 percent profit from foreigners compared to 10 percent from locals,
said Mohammed, squirming because of the question. But as long as foreigners stay, we will too. If they leave, so do we.
List of stock exchanges
Twenty Major Stock Exchanges In The World: Market Capitalization & Year-to-date Turnover at the end of January 2009
Region  | Stock Exchange | Market Value (millions USD) | Total Share Turnover (millions USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | Johannesburg Securities Exchange | 432,422.1 | 17,999.7 |
| Americas | NASDAQ | 2,203,759.6 | 2,325,238.3 |
| Americas | São Paulo Stock Exchange | 611,695.0 | 30,748.5 |
| Americas | Toronto Stock Exchange | 997,997.4 | 84,323.0 |
| Americas | New York Stock Exchange | 9,363,074.0 | 1,517,615.7 |
| Asia-Pacific | Australian Securities Exchange | 587,602.7 | 37,400.1 |
| Asia-Pacific | Bombay Stock Exchange | 613,187.6 | 14,425.0 |
| Asia-Pacific | Hong Kong Stock Exchange | 1,237,999.5 | 80,696.8 |
| Asia-Pacific | Korea Exchange | 470,417.3 | 81,755.0 |
| Asia-Pacific | National Stock Exchange of India | 572,566.8 | 39,057.1 |
| Asia-Pacific | Shanghai Stock Exchange | 1,557,161.3 | 142,144.2 |
| Asia-Pacific | Shenzhen Stock Exchange | 389,248.3 | 75,365.5 |
| Asia-Pacific | Tokyo Stock Exchange | 2,922,616.3 | 301,781.5 |
| Europe | Euronext | 1,862,930.9 | 146,173.3 |
| Europe | Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Deutsche Börse) | 937,452.9 | 264,970.3 |
| Europe | London Stock Exchange | 1,758,157.7 | 241,151.1 |
| Europe | Madrid Stock Exchange (Bolsas y Mercados Españoles) | 871,061.4 | 114,994.0 |
| Europe | Milan Stock Exchange (Borsa Italiana) | 456,206.7 | 48,094.8 |
| Europe | Nordic Stock Exchange Group OMX1 | 503,725.8 | 55,299.9 |
| Europe | Swiss Exchange | 761,896.1 | 63,435.6 |
Monday, March 16, 2009
China to mine copper in Afghanistan
China is continuing its hunt for minerals in Australia and Africa to secure its future requirements. It is now developing a massive copper deposit in neighbouring war-torn Taliban region of Afghanistan, considered as the most dangerous place in the world.
In November 2007, the Karzai government in Afghanistan in collaboration with NATO forces auctioned the huge Aynak copper deposit under the US Agency for International Development (USAID) plan and arbitrarily awarded the mining rights to Chinese state enterprise, China Metallurgical Group, for $3.5 billion.
Part of the deal was to develop a coal mine located in the vicinity, which in turn could power a Chinese-built 400 MW power plant for the mine and its smelters, and to construct Afghanistan's first railway, which will link Western China through Tajikistan to the Aynak mine and then on to its long-time friend, Pakistan in its continuing bid to encircle India.
Other bidders for the copper deposit were Vancouver-based Hunter-Dickinson, which had made an approximate $2-billion bid, Phoenix-based Phelps Dodge, London-based Kazakhmys Consortium, and a subsidiary of Russia's Basic Element Group.
The 28 square kilometre Aynak copper field, which is said to hold the world's largest unexploited deposits of copper, lies 35 kilometres southeast of Kabul and according to unofficial sources, is estimated to hold approximately 240 million tons of copper ore while online geography journal GeoJournal has put a more conservative figure of over 11 million metric tons of recoverable copper, which can be recovered through surface mining.
The NATO forces, in conjunction with the Afghan government thought it would be too risky for a private enterprise to undertake the massive infrastructure project as well as develop the Aynak copper deposit, which is spread over a vast area of hostile Taliban territory.
Although most Western governments have their state-financed insurance plans to secure such investments, no government is at present willing to consider risking such a massive investment in an environment where no citizen from any nation is safe.
The very process of arbitrarily awarding the mining rights to a Chinese company goes to show that it was a strategic plan to put the burden of development on China, which hopes to gain a foothold in the mineral-rich country if an US-led government rules Afghanistan for in the future.
The railway line, which will be built by the Chinese under the contract will also benefit NATO countries in the future as it will provide access to other mines and development sites yet to be auctioned.
Last month, US troops set up their bases running alongside a dirt track being built by a Chinese company as an access road to the Aynak copper reserves. The US forces are also making their presence felt in Logar province, where the Aynak deposit is located.
Although the US forces are deployed to ward off Taliban incursion in Kabul, inadverntally, they are also protecting Chinese workers at the Aynak copper site.
The Taliban has moved into the outskirts of Kabul after China was awarded the mining rights for the Aynak copper reserve and in the beginning of the year, and the US army deployed more than 2,000 soldiers from the 10th Mountain Division to the Logar and Wardak regions of Afghanistan.
Experts have been asking why China is taking such a huge risk by building a huge infrastructure amid the continuing war.
Afghanistan has traditionally been endowed with gems and semi-precious stones, metals, and marble, and the US Geological Survey (USGS) report of 2002 showed that there were more than 1,000 deposits.
The survey also confirmed that Afghanistan not only had abundant minerals but also plenty of hydrocarbon resources and according to an Afghan geology expert, John Shroder, said that although the Soviets had made a survey earlier, the oil and natural gas reserves in Afghanistan as surveyed by the USGS is far in excess of earlier Soviet estimates.
Among the minerals found in the survey were substantial amounts of gold, copper, iron, mercury, lead, and rare metals such as cesium, lithium, niobium, and tantalum.
An Afghanistan ministry of mines brochure claims that an iron deposit at Hajigak in the Bamiyan province, contains 1.8 billion tonnes of ore with a concentration of 62 per cent iron.
About the IMF
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 185 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
MEMBER M.OF SDR %OF TOTAL GOR.AL
AFGHANISTAN 161.9 0.07 ABDUL
QUADEER FITRAT
VOTES
NUMBER PERCENT OF TOTAL
1,869 0.08
IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors..
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 185 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
MEMBER M.OF SDR %OF TOTAL GOR.AL
AFGHANISTAN 161.9 0.07 ABDUL
QUADEER FITRAT
VOTES
NUMBER PERCENT OF TOTAL
1,869 0.08
IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors..
AFGHANISTAN VOTES AND RANKING IN IMF
About the IMF
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 185 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
MEMBER M.OF SDR %OF TOTAL GOR.AL
AFGHANISTAN 161.9 0.07 ABDUL
QUADEER FITRAT
VOTES
NUMBER PERCENT OF TOTAL
1,869 0.08
IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors KHAN
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 185 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
MEMBER M.OF SDR %OF TOTAL GOR.AL
AFGHANISTAN 161.9 0.07 ABDUL
QUADEER FITRAT
VOTES
NUMBER PERCENT OF TOTAL
1,869 0.08
IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors KHAN
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